diff --git a/src/TeamsISO.Engine/Interop/INdiInterop.cs b/src/TeamsISO.Engine/Interop/INdiInterop.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f78f5fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/TeamsISO.Engine/Interop/INdiInterop.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+using TeamsISO.Engine.Pipeline;
+
+namespace TeamsISO.Engine.Interop;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Test seam over the NDI SDK. Production: P/Invoke shim. Tests: <c>FakeNdiInterop</c>.
+/// All methods are synchronous; the engine threads are responsible for orchestration.
+/// </summary>
+public interface INdiInterop
+{
+    // ----- Discovery -----
+    NdiFindHandle CreateFinder();
+
+    /// <summary>Snapshots the currently-known sources visible to the finder.</summary>
+    IReadOnlyList<string> GetCurrentSources(NdiFindHandle finder);
+
+    // ----- Receive -----
+    NdiReceiverHandle CreateReceiver(string sourceFullName);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Blocks for up to <paramref name="timeoutMs"/> waiting for a frame.
+    /// Returns null on timeout. Returned <see cref="RawFrame"/> ownership transfers to the caller.
+    /// </summary>
+    RawFrame? CaptureFrame(NdiReceiverHandle receiver, int timeoutMs);
+
+    // ----- Send -----
+    NdiSenderHandle CreateSender(string outputName);
+    void SendFrame(NdiSenderHandle sender, ProcessedFrame frame);
+
+    // ----- Runtime probe -----
+    string GetRuntimeVersion();
+}
diff --git a/src/TeamsISO.Engine/Interop/NdiFindHandle.cs b/src/TeamsISO.Engine/Interop/NdiFindHandle.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fec94a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/TeamsISO.Engine/Interop/NdiFindHandle.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+namespace TeamsISO.Engine.Interop;
+
+/// <summary>Opaque handle to an NDI Find instance. Implementation-private.</summary>
+public abstract class NdiFindHandle : IDisposable
+{
+    public abstract void Dispose();
+}
diff --git a/src/TeamsISO.Engine/Interop/NdiReceiverHandle.cs b/src/TeamsISO.Engine/Interop/NdiReceiverHandle.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c988da6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/TeamsISO.Engine/Interop/NdiReceiverHandle.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+namespace TeamsISO.Engine.Interop;
+
+public abstract class NdiReceiverHandle : IDisposable
+{
+    public abstract void Dispose();
+}
diff --git a/src/TeamsISO.Engine/Interop/NdiSenderHandle.cs b/src/TeamsISO.Engine/Interop/NdiSenderHandle.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad8f645
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/TeamsISO.Engine/Interop/NdiSenderHandle.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+namespace TeamsISO.Engine.Interop;
+
+public abstract class NdiSenderHandle : IDisposable
+{
+    public abstract void Dispose();
+}
diff --git a/src/TeamsISO.Engine/Pipeline/IFrameClock.cs b/src/TeamsISO.Engine/Pipeline/IFrameClock.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b7980e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/TeamsISO.Engine/Pipeline/IFrameClock.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+namespace TeamsISO.Engine.Pipeline;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Test seam over the wall clock. Production: <see cref="PeriodicTimerFrameClock"/>.
+/// Tests: <c>FakeFrameClock</c> in TeamsISO.Engine.Tests.
+/// </summary>
+public interface IFrameClock
+{
+    /// <summary>Current monotonic time as ticks (100 ns).</summary>
+    long NowTicks { get; }
+
+    /// <summary>Awaits the next tick at the current period.</summary>
+    ValueTask<bool> WaitForNextTickAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken);
+}
diff --git a/src/TeamsISO.Engine/Pipeline/PeriodicTimerFrameClock.cs b/src/TeamsISO.Engine/Pipeline/PeriodicTimerFrameClock.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cfacce9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/TeamsISO.Engine/Pipeline/PeriodicTimerFrameClock.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+namespace TeamsISO.Engine.Pipeline;
+
+public sealed class PeriodicTimerFrameClock : IFrameClock, IDisposable
+{
+    private readonly PeriodicTimer _timer;
+
+    public PeriodicTimerFrameClock(double framesPerSecond)
+    {
+        if (framesPerSecond <= 0)
+            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(framesPerSecond));
+        var periodMs = 1000.0 / framesPerSecond;
+        _timer = new PeriodicTimer(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(periodMs));
+    }
+
+    public long NowTicks => DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks;
+
+    public ValueTask<bool> WaitForNextTickAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken) =>
+        _timer.WaitForNextTickAsync(cancellationToken);
+
+    public void Dispose() => _timer.Dispose();
+}
diff --git a/src/TeamsISO.Engine/Pipeline/ProcessedFrame.cs b/src/TeamsISO.Engine/Pipeline/ProcessedFrame.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..25300d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/TeamsISO.Engine/Pipeline/ProcessedFrame.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+namespace TeamsISO.Engine.Pipeline;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// A frame after framerate, resolution, and aspect normalization. Ready to send.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed record ProcessedFrame(
+    int Width,
+    int Height,
+    long TimestampTicks,
+    ReadOnlyMemory<byte> Pixels,
+    PixelFormat Format);
diff --git a/src/TeamsISO.Engine/Pipeline/RawFrame.cs b/src/TeamsISO.Engine/Pipeline/RawFrame.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..417d06b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/TeamsISO.Engine/Pipeline/RawFrame.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+namespace TeamsISO.Engine.Pipeline;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// A frame as captured from an NDI receiver. Pixel buffer is opaque to the engine — its
+/// shape is determined by the NDI receive format. Timestamp is the source's reported time.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed record RawFrame(
+    int Width,
+    int Height,
+    long TimestampTicks,
+    ReadOnlyMemory<byte> Pixels,
+    PixelFormat Format);
+
+public enum PixelFormat
+{
+    Bgra,
+    Uyvy,
+    Rgba
+}