diff --git a/src/TeamsISO.Engine/Pipeline/FrameProcessor.cs b/src/TeamsISO.Engine/Pipeline/FrameProcessor.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7da6f9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/TeamsISO.Engine/Pipeline/FrameProcessor.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+using System.Threading.Channels;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+using TeamsISO.Engine.Domain;
+
+namespace TeamsISO.Engine.Pipeline;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Per-ISO frame timing engine. Implements closest-frame strategy: at each tick,
+/// pick the newest available raw frame (dropping older queued frames), scale and emit it.
+/// If no new frame is available, re-emit the last frame. If no frame has arrived for
+/// <see cref="_slateThreshold"/>, emit a no-signal slate instead.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed class FrameProcessor
+{
+    private readonly FrameProcessingSettings _settings;
+    private readonly IFrameScaler _scaler;
+    private readonly SolidFrameRenderer _slateRenderer;
+    private readonly IFrameClock _clock;
+    private readonly ChannelReader<RawFrame> _input;
+    private readonly ChannelWriter<ProcessedFrame> _output;
+    private readonly TimeSpan _slateThreshold;
+    private readonly ILogger<FrameProcessor> _logger;
+
+    private RawFrame? _lastRawFrame;
+    private long _lastFrameTickTicks;
+    private long _framesIn;
+    private long _framesOut;
+    private long _framesDropped;
+    private long _framesDuplicated;
+    private long _framesSlated;
+
+    public FrameProcessor(
+        FrameProcessingSettings settings,
+        IFrameScaler scaler,
+        SolidFrameRenderer slateRenderer,
+        IFrameClock clock,
+        ChannelReader<RawFrame> input,
+        ChannelWriter<ProcessedFrame> output,
+        TimeSpan slateThreshold,
+        ILogger<FrameProcessor> logger)
+    {
+        _settings = settings;
+        _scaler = scaler;
+        _slateRenderer = slateRenderer;
+        _clock = clock;
+        _input = input;
+        _output = output;
+        _slateThreshold = slateThreshold;
+        _logger = logger;
+    }
+
+    public IsoHealthStats Stats =>
+        new(
+            FramesIn: Interlocked.Read(ref _framesIn),
+            FramesOut: Interlocked.Read(ref _framesOut),
+            FramesDropped: Interlocked.Read(ref _framesDropped),
+            FramesDuplicated: Interlocked.Read(ref _framesDuplicated),
+            LastFrameAt: _lastFrameTickTicks == 0 ? null : new DateTimeOffset(_lastFrameTickTicks, TimeSpan.Zero),
+            IncomingFps: 0,
+            IncomingWidth: _lastRawFrame?.Width ?? 0,
+            IncomingHeight: _lastRawFrame?.Height ?? 0);
+
+    public Task ProcessOnceAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        // Drain the input channel non-blockingly, keeping only the newest frame.
+        RawFrame? newest = null;
+        while (_input.TryRead(out var frame))
+        {
+            if (newest is not null)
+                Interlocked.Increment(ref _framesDropped);
+            newest = frame;
+            Interlocked.Increment(ref _framesIn);
+        }
+
+        var (targetW, targetH) = _settings.ResolutionSize;
+        var nowTicks = _clock.NowTicks;
+
+        ProcessedFrame toEmit;
+        if (newest is not null)
+        {
+            _lastRawFrame = newest;
+            _lastFrameTickTicks = nowTicks;
+            toEmit = _scaler.Scale(newest, targetW, targetH, _settings.Aspect, nowTicks);
+        }
+        else if (_lastRawFrame is not null && (nowTicks - _lastFrameTickTicks) <= _slateThreshold.Ticks)
+        {
+            Interlocked.Increment(ref _framesDuplicated);
+            toEmit = _scaler.Scale(_lastRawFrame, targetW, targetH, _settings.Aspect, nowTicks);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            Interlocked.Increment(ref _framesSlated);
+            toEmit = _slateRenderer.Render(targetW, targetH, b: 0x80, g: 0x80, r: 0x80, a: 0xFF, nowTicks);
+        }
+
+        Interlocked.Increment(ref _framesOut);
+        _output.TryWrite(toEmit);
+        return Task.CompletedTask;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/tests/TeamsISO.Engine.Tests/Pipeline/FrameProcessorTests.cs b/src/tests/TeamsISO.Engine.Tests/Pipeline/FrameProcessorTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd423c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/tests/TeamsISO.Engine.Tests/Pipeline/FrameProcessorTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+using System.Threading.Channels;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging.Abstractions;
+using TeamsISO.Engine.Domain;
+using TeamsISO.Engine.Pipeline;
+using TeamsISO.Engine.Tests.Fakes;
+
+namespace TeamsISO.Engine.Tests.Pipeline;
+
+public class FrameProcessorTests
+{
+    private static readonly FrameProcessingSettings Settings1080p30 =
+        new(TargetFramerate.Fps30, TargetResolution.R1080p, AspectMode.Pillarbox, AudioMode.Auto);
+
+    private static RawFrame MakeFrame(int width, int height, long ts) =>
+        new(width, height, ts, new byte[width * height * 4], PixelFormat.Bgra);
+
+    private static FrameProcessor NewProcessor(
+        FakeFrameClock clock,
+        Channel<RawFrame> input,
+        Channel<ProcessedFrame> output,
+        FrameProcessingSettings? settings = null)
+        => new(
+            settings: settings ?? Settings1080p30,
+            scaler: new PassthroughFrameScaler(),
+            slateRenderer: new SolidFrameRenderer(),
+            clock: clock,
+            input: input.Reader,
+            output: output.Writer,
+            slateThreshold: TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2.5),
+            logger: NullLogger<FrameProcessor>.Instance);
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ProcessOnce_NewFrameAvailable_EmitsScaledFrame()
+    {
+        var clock = new FakeFrameClock();
+        var input = Channel.CreateBounded<RawFrame>(4);
+        var output = Channel.CreateUnbounded<ProcessedFrame>();
+        var proc = NewProcessor(clock, input, output);
+
+        input.Writer.TryWrite(MakeFrame(640, 360, ts: 100));
+        clock.Advance(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(34));
+        await proc.ProcessOnceAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+
+        output.Reader.TryRead(out var frame).Should().BeTrue();
+        frame!.Width.Should().Be(1920);
+        frame.Height.Should().Be(1080);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ProcessOnce_NoNewFrame_ReEmitsLastFrame()
+    {
+        var clock = new FakeFrameClock();
+        var input = Channel.CreateBounded<RawFrame>(4);
+        var output = Channel.CreateUnbounded<ProcessedFrame>();
+        var proc = NewProcessor(clock, input, output);
+
+        input.Writer.TryWrite(MakeFrame(640, 360, ts: 100));
+        clock.Advance(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(34));
+        await proc.ProcessOnceAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+        output.Reader.TryRead(out _).Should().BeTrue();
+
+        clock.Advance(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(34));
+        await proc.ProcessOnceAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+
+        output.Reader.TryRead(out var second).Should().BeTrue();
+        second!.Width.Should().Be(1920);
+        proc.Stats.FramesDuplicated.Should().Be(1);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ProcessOnce_NoFrameForLongerThanSlateThreshold_EmitsSlate()
+    {
+        var clock = new FakeFrameClock();
+        var input = Channel.CreateBounded<RawFrame>(4);
+        var output = Channel.CreateUnbounded<ProcessedFrame>();
+        var proc = NewProcessor(clock, input, output);
+
+        input.Writer.TryWrite(MakeFrame(640, 360, ts: 100));
+        clock.Advance(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(34));
+        await proc.ProcessOnceAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+        output.Reader.TryRead(out _);
+
+        clock.Advance(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(3));
+        await proc.ProcessOnceAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+
+        output.Reader.TryRead(out var slate).Should().BeTrue();
+        slate!.Width.Should().Be(1920);
+        slate.Height.Should().Be(1080);
+        slate.Pixels.Span[0].Should().Be(0x80);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task ProcessOnce_PicksNewestFrame_DropsOlder()
+    {
+        var clock = new FakeFrameClock();
+        var input = Channel.CreateBounded<RawFrame>(4);
+        var output = Channel.CreateUnbounded<ProcessedFrame>();
+        var proc = NewProcessor(clock, input, output);
+
+        input.Writer.TryWrite(MakeFrame(640, 360, ts: 100));
+        input.Writer.TryWrite(MakeFrame(640, 360, ts: 200));
+        input.Writer.TryWrite(MakeFrame(640, 360, ts: 300));
+        clock.Advance(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(34));
+        await proc.ProcessOnceAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+
+        proc.Stats.FramesIn.Should().Be(3);
+        proc.Stats.FramesDropped.Should().Be(2);
+    }
+}