diff --git a/src/TeamsISO.App/App.xaml.cs b/src/TeamsISO.App/App.xaml.cs
index 0360e00..c384870 100644
--- a/src/TeamsISO.App/App.xaml.cs
+++ b/src/TeamsISO.App/App.xaml.cs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 using System.IO;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using System.Windows;
+using System.Windows.Interop;
 using System.Windows.Threading;
 using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
 using TeamsISO.App.ViewModels;
@@ -14,15 +16,63 @@ namespace TeamsISO.App;
 
 public partial class App : Application
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Per-user mutex name. Including the SID-equivalent (the username) ensures two
+    /// different Windows users can each run TeamsISO on the same machine, while one
+    /// user can't spawn duplicate instances that would contend over the NDI runtime
+    /// and the shared %APPDATA%\TeamsISO\config.json.
+    /// </summary>
+    private static readonly string SingleInstanceMutexName =
+        $"Local\\WildDragon.TeamsISO.SingleInstance.{Environment.UserName}";
+
+    private System.Threading.Mutex? _singleInstanceMutex;
     private ILoggerFactory? _loggerFactory;
     private NdiInteropPInvoke? _interop;
     private IsoController? _controller;
     private MainViewModel? _viewModel;
 
+    [DllImport("user32.dll")]
+    private static extern uint RegisterWindowMessageW(string lpString);
+    [DllImport("user32.dll")]
+    private static extern int PostMessageW(IntPtr hWnd, uint Msg, IntPtr wParam, IntPtr lParam);
+    [DllImport("user32.dll")]
+    private static extern int SendNotifyMessageW(IntPtr hWnd, uint Msg, IntPtr wParam, IntPtr lParam);
+    private const IntPtr HWND_BROADCAST = -1;
+
     protected override async void OnStartup(StartupEventArgs e)
     {
         base.OnStartup(e);
 
+        // Single-instance gate: if another TeamsISO is already running for this user,
+        // broadcast the bring-to-front message and exit silently. This prevents the
+        // NDI/config contention seen during testing where two finders, two senders
+        // with the same default name, and two writers to config.json all raced.
+        bool createdNew;
+        _singleInstanceMutex = new System.Threading.Mutex(initiallyOwned: true, SingleInstanceMutexName, out createdNew);
+        if (!createdNew)
+        {
+            var bringToFront = RegisterWindowMessageW("WildDragon.TeamsISO.BringToFront");
+            if (bringToFront != 0)
+                SendNotifyMessageW(HWND_BROADCAST, bringToFront, IntPtr.Zero, IntPtr.Zero);
+            Shutdown(0);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Listen for the broadcast — if a *new* instance launches and finds us already
+        // running, it'll send this message; we surface our window in response.
+        var bringToFrontMsg = RegisterWindowMessageW("WildDragon.TeamsISO.BringToFront");
+        ComponentDispatcher.ThreadFilterMessage += (ref System.Windows.Interop.MSG msg, ref bool handled) =>
+        {
+            if (msg.message == (int)bringToFrontMsg && MainWindow is not null)
+            {
+                if (MainWindow.WindowState == WindowState.Minimized) MainWindow.WindowState = WindowState.Normal;
+                MainWindow.Activate();
+                MainWindow.Topmost = true;
+                MainWindow.Topmost = false;
+                handled = true;
+            }
+        };
+
         try
         {
             _loggerFactory = EngineLogging.CreateConsole(LogLevel.Information);
@@ -102,6 +152,11 @@ public partial class App : Application
         {
             // Best-effort shutdown
         }
+        finally
+        {
+            try { _singleInstanceMutex?.ReleaseMutex(); } catch { /* not owned */ }
+            _singleInstanceMutex?.Dispose();
+        }
         base.OnExit(e);
     }
 }